- Landfills – Dumping of waste into designated areas and burying it under layers of soil. The most common waste disposal method.
- Incineration – Burning waste at high temperatures to reduce its volume and landfill use. Some energy recovery is also done.
- Recycling – Processing used materials like paper, glass, metals, plastics to turn them into new products and reduce throwaway, according to top waste management keynote speakers and futurists.
- Composting – Decomposing organic waste like food scraps and yard trimmings to produce nutrient-rich soil compost.
- Waste-to-Energy – Converting non-recyclable waste into electricity, heat or fuel through processes like incineration, pyrolysis, gasification.
- Biological treatment – Using microorganisms to break down organic waste through methods like anaerobic digestion. Produces biogas.
- Sewage treatment – Treating wastewater and sewage through physical, chemical and biological processes to remove contaminants like waste management keynote speakers and futurists point out.
- Hazardous waste management – Special handling, treatment and disposal methods for toxic, radioactive, flammable or biohazardous waste.
- Electronic waste recycling – Dismantling and processing e-waste components like electronics, batteries and lightbulbs which contain hazardous materials.
- Litter abatement – Education, clean-up initiatives and penalties to reduce trash and litter in public spaces.
What we hear from waste management keynote speakers and futurists is that an integrated management system deploys a combination of these approaches tailored to the waste stream and local context. The hierarchy prioritizes waste prevention first followed by reuse, recycling, recovery and finally disposal.